image © Phage et al. Bacteriophage Ecology Group (BEG) News
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
© Stephen T. Abedon (editor)
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© Phage et al. July 1, 2001 issue (volume 9)

At this site you will find . . .

1. editorial this page
2. new BEG members this page
3. new links this page
4. new features this page
5. upcoming meetings this page
6. jobs this page
7. submissions (a.k.a., stuff to read) this page
8. letters this page
9. phage image this page
10. new publications (abstracts) this page
11. acknowledgements this page
12. Bacteriophage Ecology Group elsewhere
13. comments mail to

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Editorial

Editorials should be written on subjects relevant to The Bacteriophage Ecology Group as an organization, to BEG News (either the concept or a given issue of BEG News), or the science of Bacteriophage Ecology. While my assumption is that I will be writing the bulk of these editorials, I wish to encourage as many people as possible to seek to relieve me of this duty, as often as possible. Additionally, I welcome suggestions of topics that may be addressed. Please address all correspondences to abedon.1@osu.edu or to "Editorials," Bacteriophage Ecology Group News, care of Stephen T. Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906. Please send all submissions as Microsoft Word documents, if possible (I'll let you know if I have trouble converting other document formats), and in English.

Naming Bacteriophages

by Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann & Stephen Tobias Abedon

The first bacteriophage known to science was the Bacteriophagum intestinale described by Félix d'Hérelle (3), an enterobacterial phage or a mixture of phages that was considered by d'Hérelle as a single virus with many races. In 1961 Eisenstark published the first list of phages, which included 111 phages with tailed, cubic or filamentous morphology (4). A second phage list, published by Fraenkel-Conrat in 1974, included 411 bacterial viruses and the dimensions and physicochemical properties of many of them (5). Unfortunately, phage names with the Greek letter f were reported without this letter. At present, over 5000 bacteriophages have been studied by electron microscopy and can be attributed to 11 virus families.

During 80 years, phage names have been constructed in the absence of any system and usually reflect little more than their author's imagination (or lack thereof). Phage nomenclature is therefore in a primitive and confusing state. Phage names may:

  1. Be single letters or numerals in any combination, even names of individuals or cities.
  2. Include the Greek letter f or the Latin letter P to indicate phage status.
  3. Include special types (superscript or infrascript characters, dots, dashes).
  4. Vary between authors, studies, even printer conventions.

As a result, (i) phage names do not reflect basic phage properties, (ii) synonyms and homonyms abound, and (iii) some designations are unduely complicated and a printer's nightmare. Certain synonyms of enterobacterial phages are even willful creations of investigators who published one and the same virus up to six times under different designations. Further ambiguities are created by the identity of some Roman letters and numerals (I, V), or are the product of odd printer conventions (witness, for the latter, the ambiguous numeral subscript status of the original T phages of Escherichia coli B; 2). However, one notes that quite numerous phage names have been constructed from host names and therefore reflect host ranges, and that names of temperate phages often comprise two elements, one for the phage and another for the host strain.

Eighty years after the discovery of phages, it it clearly too late to construct a nomenclature system that reflects basic phage properties such as nucleic acid or particle shape. The most that can be done is to limit the amount of synonyms and homonyms. The practice of constructing phage names from host names should be continued as it gives at least a clue to the phage. We suggest the following:

  1. To use the first two letters of the host genus and the host species names, respectively (e.g., Esco for Escherichia coli).
  2. To complement the above constructs with any letters or numerals (e.g., Esco1).
  3. To avoid the over-used letters f and P.
  4. To avoid superscript or infrascript characters, parentheses, or dashes.
  5. To check phage-name lists (e.g., "Bacteriophage Names 2000") for naming precedent.
  6. To avoid the invention of new names for old phages.
  7. To click here for a description of ICTV nomenclature rules.
  8. To obtain rules on virus genera and families see Van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L. (eds.-in-chief). 2000. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and nomenclature of Viruses. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, 1065-1069.

For reference, see our new web site, Bacteriophage Names 2000, which presents these names alphanumerically, by phage family, and by host genera. We have also compiled a "List of Phage Names" that we present below.

References

  1. Ackermann, H.-W. 2001. Bacteriophage descriptions in the year 2000. Arch. Virol., in press.
  2. Demerec, M., and Fano, U. 1945. Bacteriophage-resistant mutants in Escherichia coli. Genetics 30, 119-136.
  3. D'Hérelle, F. 1918. Technique de la recherche du microbe filtrant bactériophage (Bacteriophagum intestinale). C.R. Soc. Biol. 81, 1160-1162.
  4. Eisenstark, A. 1967. Bacteriophage techniques. In: Maramorosch, K., Koprowski, H. (eds.), Methods in Virology, vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, pp. 449-525.
  5. Fraenkel-Conrat, H., 1974. Descriptive catalogue of viruses. In: Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Wagner, R.R. (eds.), Comprehensive Virology, vol. 1, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 121-156.

Editorial Archive

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New BEG Members

The BEG members list can be found at www.phage.org/beg_members.htm as well as on the BEG home page. As we add new members, these individuals will be introduced in this section. Note that, in fact, there are two ways of "joining" BEG. One, the "traditional" way, is to have your name listed on the web page and on the list server. The second, the "non-traditional" way, is to have your name only listed on the list server. The latter I refer to as "non-members" on that list. Members, e.g., individuals listed on the BEG home page, should be limited to individuals who are actively involved in science and who can serve as a phage ecology resource to interested individuals. If you have an interest in phage ecology but no real expertise in the area, then you should join as a non-member. To join as a member, please contact BEG using the following link: abedon.1@osu.edu. Include:
  • your name
  • your e-mail address
  • your snail-mail address
  • the URL of your home page (if you have one)
  • a statement of whether or not you are the principal investigator
  • a statement of your research interests (or phage ecology interests)
  • a list of your phage ecology references, if any
Note that it is preferable that you include the full reference, including the abstract, if the reference is not already present in the BEG bibliography. Responsibility of members includes keeping the information listed on the BEG members list up to date including supplying on a reasonably timely basis the full references of your new phage ecology publications. Reprints can also be sent to The Bacteriophage Ecology Group, care of Stephen Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906. To join BEG as a non-member, please contact BEG using the following link: abedon.1@osu.edu and minimally include your name and e-mail address.

Please welcome our newest members

name
(home page links)		 status e-mail address
Christina Burch --- cburch
@princeton.edu		 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
interests:I have used the bacteriophage phi-6 as a model system to examine whether conceptual frameworks such as Fisher's geometric model of adaptation and Wright's adaptive landscape accurately predict the genetics of adaptation. (contents | BEG members | top of page)
Sylvain Moineau PI Sylvain.Moineau
@bcm.ulaval.ca		 Professeur agrégé / Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculté des sciences et de genie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4
interests:My research group focuses on phages of Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. These dairy phages are investigated from several aspects such as classification, control, detection, ecology, evolution, genomic and proteomic. (contents | BEG members | top of page)
David Prangishvili PI david.prangishvili
@biologie.uni-r.de		 Universität Regensburg, Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Univesitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensberg GERMANY
interests:Molecular biology of extremely thermophilic Archaea including genomics and the evolution of their viruses. (contents | BEG members | top of page)
Jan Rybniker --- jrybnike
@smail.uni-koeln.de		 Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene; University of Cologne
interests:Mycobacteriophages as vectors (always interested in more vectors); general interest in phages - esp. mycobacteriophages (environmental isolation). (contents | BEG members | top of page)
Steve Tucker --- s.tucker
@mailbox.gu.edu.au		 19 Avocado Cres., Bli Bli, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia 4560
interests:Potential of phages to influence the number and species composition of bacterioplankton in aquatic ecosystems. (contents | BEG members | top of page)

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New Links

Links relevant to The Bacteriophage Ecology Group fall into a number of categories (e.g., see Bacteriophage Ecology Links at www.phage.org/beg_links.htm). Listed below are new links found on that page. If you know of a link that should be included on this page, or the whereabouts of a now-dead link, please let me know.

New Bacteriophage Ecology (Etc.) Links

Have you ever wondered how I find new links? Well, as part of my apparently ongoing effort to avoid actually doing a new search for new links, I will tell you my little secrets. Note that these are useful for all sorts of on-line efforts such as finding images for lectures or for seminars. There is no time saver quite like borrowing an image rather than drawing one from scratch.

(Just remember to properly cite all images stolen. I usually do this by linking the image to its source page, though beware that the image may very well have been posted where you found it in violation of copyright. Also, make sure you ask permission before including online images in offline publications and theses.)

So we'll start with images. The hard (but still useful) way to find images is to open your favorite browser, do some sort of key word search, and then manually look for images. A shortcut is to do an altavista (www.altavista.com) image search. This requires that you seek out the "images" link on the altavista homepage (or, alternatively, just click here).

Want to find the image of a phage? Just type "phage" (without the quotation marks) into the altavista image search engine. This will result in the display of a variety of phage or phage-related images. By clicking the associated URL you can visit the page the phage image is found on and then download the image to your own computer by right-mouse clicking on the image and then saving it.

(beware, by the way, that it isn't altogether uncommon for authors to misspell "page" as "phage" or, blasphemy, for the suffix phage to be used to describe all sorts of things that have less to do with bacteria, e.g., "macrophage", etc. Note, for example, the following image:



which is found at the following URL: http://www.bayarea.net/~phage/peeve.htm.)

More interested in text than images? It is no secret that my favorite search engine is supplied by the people at google (www.google.com). This isn't just because a search for "phage" or "bacteriophage" has this site as its number one hit. It is, instead, because google simply works better than other search engines (even yahoo agrees: see: http://google.yahoo.com/bin/query?p=bacteriophage&hc=0&hs=0).

If you are looking for pages addressing, for example, phage ecology, you could try a phage ecology google search. That will yield over 3,000 hits. You can narrow this significantly by placing phage ecology in quotes in your google search: "phage ecology". Now there are "just" 77 web pages listed.

What now? Well, this is the painful part. Now one must walk through each page to confirm that the page really does deal with issues of phage ecology and, otherwise, is reasonably relevant to a phage ecologist. Then, for the sake of links-page maintenance, it is necessary to make sure that the page is not already listed (and, for that matter, it is also necessary to make sure that the links already listed still work... Yuck!).

Want another short cut? Go to the google advanced search page. Now we can get fancy. Want to find all the world's (known) web sites or pages with a link to BEG? Go down to "Page-Specific Search" and do a search under "Links" for www.phage.org. Press the "Search" button and google will display over 300 links presumably phage-ecology related links (see: link:www.phage.org).

Anyway, enough excuses. It's going to be a long, hot summer and with any luck (and sufficient motivation) by the next issue of BEG News I will have updated the BEG links library with new links.

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New Features

In this section I highlight new or updated features of the BEG site. If you have any ideas of how either the BEG site or BEG News might be improved, please let me know.
Bacteriophage Names 2000:
Hans Ackermann has assembled a list of 5000+ phage names (organized with my help). Check it out!

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Upcoming Meetings

The BEG Meetings link will continue. Reminders of upcoming meetings will be placed in this section of BEG News. If you know of any meetings that might be of interest to BEG members, or would like to recap a meeting that you've attended, then please send this information for posting to abedon.1@osu.edu or to "BEG Meetings," Bacteriophage Ecology Group News, care of Stephen T. Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906.
Microbial Population Biology Gordon Conference
This meeting will be held from July 29 through August 3, 2001. The web page for this meeting can be found at http://www.grc.uri.edu/programs/1999/micropop.htm. OK, there will only be one seminar specifically covering phages (by John Yin), but presumably there will be lots of related stuff (e.g., two sessions are titled "Viral Evolution"). Here are some pictures of Western Mass and Williams college:
At the Science Quad at Williams college A south view from the War Memorial on Mt. Greylock; the AMC's Bascom Lodge
Click for Williamstown, Massachusetts Forecast

Lighthouse at top of Greylock
Evergreen International Phage Meeting
There is still time (before July 1) to get in your abstract for this Summer's phage meeting, to be held August 8-13, 2001. The web page for this meeting can be found at http://www.evergreen.edu/user/T4/2001Meet.html. As always, this will be the meeting that brings together phage people with the widest possible array of interests - from the ecological to the molecular - in a setting of rain forest spender in the city that Time Magazine dubbed the "Hippest town in the West".
Ruby Beach Mount Ranier in the morning
Click for Olympia, Washington Forecast

Seattle Postcard

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Jobs

Looking for job? Looking to fill a position? Please send advertisement and information to abedon.1@osu.edu or to "Jobs", Bacteriophage Ecology Group News, care of Stephen T. Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906. Please send all information as text (e.g., as an e-mail) or as Microsoft Word documents, if possible (I'll let you know if I have trouble converting any other document formats), and in English. I will update this section as I receive material, regardless of what date this issue of BEG News goes live.

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Submissions

Submissions are non-editorial items describing or highlighting some aspect of bacteriophage ecology including news pieces, historical pieces, reviews, and write-ups of research. Peer review of submissions is possible and a desire for peer review should be indicated. Send all submissions to abedon.1@osu.edu or to "Submissions", Bacteriophage Ecology Group News, care of Stephen T. Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906. Please send all submissions as Microsoft Word documents, if possible (I'll let you know if I have trouble converting any other document formats), and in English.

A List of Phage Names

by Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann & Stephen Tobias Abedon

a , a , a , a , a , a , A , A , A , A , A , A005 , A006 , A020 , A1 , A1 , A-1 , A-1 , A-1 , A-1(L) , A10 , A10 , A10/45 , a10/J1 , a10/J2 , a10/J5 , a10/J9 , A101 , A11 , A-11 , A11/A79 , A118 , A12 , A12 , A-12 , A128 , A13 , A13 , A13 , A133 , A137 , A139 , A14 , A14 , A-14 , A15 , A155 , A16 , A17 , A182 , A19 , A19 , A1-Dat , A2 , A2 , A2 , A-2 , A20 , A20/415 , A21 , A-21 , A-22 , A23 , A-23 , A-24 , A25 , A29 , A2P , A3 , A3 , A3/2 , A31 , A31 , A33 , A34 , A342 , A36 , A37 , A4 , A4 , A-4(L) , A41 , A422 , A5 , A5 , A5/415 , A5/A6 , A500 , A502 , A511 , A511 , A56-1 , A6 , A6 , A6"C" , A620 , A64/A62 , A640 , A69-4 , A7 , A7 , A74/A3 , A8 , A8 , A856 , A86/A88 , A9 , A9 , A9"C" , Aaf23 , Aaf247 , Aaf76 , Aaf97 , Aaf99 , AA-1 , Ab-1 , AB48 , AC1 , AC-1 , AC1L16M , AC2 , AC201-S , AC23R-3 , AC28 , Ac3 , AC3 , AC30 , AC43 , AC50 , AC57 , AC6 , AC7 , AC81 , AC95 , Acm1 , Acm2 , Acm5 , Acm6 , Acm7 , ad12 , AE2 , Aeh1 , Aeh2 , af , ag , AG1 , AGL1 , AGL11 , AGL12 , AGL13 , AGL16 , AGL17 , AGL2 , AGL3 , AGL4 , AGL5 , AGL6 , AGL8 , ai , AI-1 , AI-2 , AIO-1 , AIO-2 , aiz1 , AL1 , Al-1 , ale1 , alfa , Al-K-I , AN-10 , AN-15 , AN-20 , AN-22 , AN-24 , AN25S1 , AN29R2 , AN31S-1 , AO-1 , AO-2 , AO-3 , APSE-1 , AP-2863 , AP-3 , AP50 , AP50-04 , AP50-11 , AP50-23 , AP50-26 , AP50-27 , Ap85III , AR1 , AR13 , AR2 , AR3 , AR7 , AR9 , ARA3 , ARA8 , ARA9 , Arp , AS-1 , AS-1M , A-Saratov , asccf28 , ASP16 , ASP2 , ASP4 , ASP7 , AT , AT298 , ATCC 11759 , ATCC 25180 , AU , Av-1 , Av-2 , Av-3 , AV9/3 , b , b , b , B , B , B , B.A.O.R. , B.C3 , Ba , B24 , B9GP , B9PP , b581 , B012 , B021 , B024 , B025 , B035 , B051 , B053 , B054 , B055 , B056 , B1 , B1 , B-1 , B10 , B101 , B11 , B110 , B11-1 , B12 , B123BN , B17 , B17 , B1715V1 , B18 , b2 , B2 , B2 , B26 , B271 , B275 , B276 , B277 , B278 , B279 , B282 , B3 , B30 , B33 , B35 , B39 , B39-1 , B40-8 , B5 , B51 , B545 , b594n , b6 , B6 , B604 , B653 , B7 , B7 , B89 , B932a , BA , BA-4 , Bace-11 , BaF1 , Baf-44 , Baf-48B , Baf-64 , Bam35 , Bastille , Bat10 , BB1 , BB10 , BB12 , BB14 , BB4 , BB8 , BC , BC1 , BC2 , BCJA1 , BE/1 , Beccles , Berkeley , BF , Bf-1 , Bf145 , Bf203 , Bf209 , BF307 , Bf-41 , Bf42 , Bf-52 , Bf71 , BFK20 , BG2 , B-I , BI-1 , B-II , bIL67 , Bir , Bk , BK5 , BK1 , BK1 , BK1 , BK5 , BK5-T , BK5-T , BL1 , BL1 , BL2 , BL2 , BL3 , BL3 , BL4 , BL5 , BL6 , BL8 , BL9 , BLE , BLL1 , BM29 , BN1 , Bo1 , BO54 , BP1 , BP123 , BP124 , BP124 , BP128 , BP142 , BP142 , BP153 , BP153 , BP52 , BPP-10 , br , BS1 , BS101 , BS102 , BS104 , BS105 , BS106 , BS107 , BS11 , BS15 , BS16 , BS18 , BS2 , BS20 , BS21 , BS22 , BS23 , BS26 , BS28 , BS28 , BS3 , BS31 , BS32 , BS4 , BS46 , BS5 , BS6 , BS7 , BS8 , BS80 , BSL1 , BSL10 , BSL11 , BSL2 , BT , BT11 , BTB , BU77-B1 , butyricum , BW73 , c , c , c , C , C , C , C , C type , c1 , c1 , C1 , C1 , C1 , C1 , C1 , C-1 , c10I , c10II , c10III , c11 , c13 , C154 , C16 , C163 , C167 , c2 , C2 , C2 , C2 , C2 , C2 , C-2 , C-2 , c20-1 , c20-2 , c-203 Tox- , C2121 , C22 , C236 , C2F , c2t1 , c2t2 , c3 , c3 , C3 , C3 , c31 , C31 , C36-3 , c4 , C4 , c5 , c5 , C5 , C-5 , C557 , c5h , C5W9 , C60-2 , C625 , c6A , C707 , C966N , CA1 , CA1 , CA1 , CA-1 , CA2 , CA-2 , CA3 , CA-3 , CA-4 , CA5 , CA-5 , Ca7 , CAK1 , cap1 , CB3 , CC1 , CD , cd1 , CEb , CEg , Cf , Cflt , CFO103 , CG1 , CG2 , CG33 , CG5 , CGK1 (defective) , Ch , ch2 , ChMF-1-P , Chp1 , CI-1 , CI-1 , CI-2 , CK-1 , CL31 , Clark , Cld1 , Clichy 12 , Clm11 , Clm8 , ClmX , ClmXC , CM , cM-f1 , CM1 , CM2 , CM1 , CM2 , CM20 , CM21 , CM3 , cm4 , CM4 , cm4-9 , CM5 , CM6 , cm-68a , CM7 , CM8 , CM9 , cmf-1-F , CMF-1-F , CMP1 , CN11 , c-n71 , CN8 , Cog , Col 11 , Col 18 , Col 2 , Col 21 , Col1 , CON11 , CON8 , CONX , CONXC , Cor1 , Cp-1 , Cp-10 , Cp-5 , CP-51 , CP-53 , CP-54 , Cp-7 , CP75 , Cp-9 , CPC , CPT , CPT1 , CP-T1 , CPT4 , CRK , CS1 , CS-1 , Cslx13a , Cslx13b , CT , CT , Ctkas , CT1 , CT1 , CT2 , CT3 , CT3 , CT4 , CT4 , CT5 , CT6 , CT6 , CT7 , CT8 , CTK , CTXF , CVX-5 , CW2 , CW3 , CW4 , CW5 , CWK , d , d , d , D , D , D , D , D , D , D , D , D , df3 , df4 , df5 , Dd-Vi , D1 , D108 , D11 , D20 , D29 , D29 , D2A , D2c , D2d , D3 , D3112 , D37 , D4 , D40 , D441 , D5 , D-5 , D59-1 , D6 , D62 , D8 , DAFV , dar1 , DAV1 , DD-2 , DD7 , DDUP , DDVi , DDVI , DD-VI , DDVII , DEb , den1 , DF78 , D'Hérelle , DLP10716 (defective) , DLP-11946 (defective) , DM-11 , DM-21 , DM-31 , DM-41 , DM-51 , DM-61 , DNAIII , DP-1 , Dp-4 , DP-7 , DPB12 (defective) , DPB21 (defective) , DPB22 (defective) , DPB23 (defective) , DPB5 (defective) , DRC2 , DRC3 , drc1 , drc2 , drc3 , drc3 , DS96 , DSP1 , DT1 , Dundee , e , e , e , E , E , E , EfB , EF-y , e1 , E1 , E1 , e10 , E10-1 , E13 , E14 , E15 , E15P , E16-2 , E16B , E16P , e2 , E2 , E20 , E21 , E24 , E28 , E29 , e3 , E3 , e4 , E4 , E4 , E41 , e5 , E5 , E6 , E62 , E7 , E7 , E79 , e8 , E8 , E9 , eb4 , eb7 , eb9 , EC1 , EC2 , Ec9 , EJ-1 , ent1 , ent2 , EP1 , EPy-1 , EPy-2 , EPy-3 , EPy-4 , EPy-5 , Erh1 , ES , Esc-7-11 , ESV , ET25 , ET42 , Ev , EV , EW , f , F , F , F , F1 , F1m , F1U , F10 , F10 , F11 , F12 , f2 , F2 , F2 , F20140/76 , F25 , F25u , F25U , F3 , F4 , F4 , F44 , F45 , F48 , F5 , F5 , F6 , F7 , F8 , F9 , F9 , FA101 , FEThs , FK , FK11 , FKK101 , FKL10 , FKP74 , FLOThs , FLOThs , Folac , FY101 , f1 , f1 , f-1 , F1 , F1 , F1 , F1 , F1 , F1 , F1 , F1 , F10 , F10 , F10 , F11 , F11 , F116 , F12 , F12-9 , F1m , F1U , f2 , F2 , F2 , F2 , f25 , F25 , F25U , F25V , F26S , F27S , F29-1 , F3 , F3 , F4 , F4 , F4 , F4/L425I , F4/L425II , F4-1 , F44 , F45 , F48 , F5 , F5 , F5 , F5/L422 , F5-4 , F6 , F6 , F7 , F7 , F7 , f7.8 , F8 , F8 , F9 , F9 , F9 , F9-11 , FC3-1 , FC3-10 , FC3-11 , FC3-2 , FC3-3 , FC3-4 , FC3-6 , FC3-7 , FC3-8 , FC3-9 , fd , FD2 , FE5-B2 , FE5-B3 , FE5-B4 , Fels 2 , FH5 , Fi , FI1 , FI-2 , FI3 , FI-4 , FI-5 , FIA , Fim , Firenze 75/13 , FiU , FK , F-K , FO1 , FO1 , fOg29 , fOg30 , fOg44 , FoP1 , FoS1 , FoS2 , FP2 , FP1 , FP10 , FP11 , FP2 , FP2 , FP22 , FP3 , FP4 , FP43 , FP5 , FP6 , FP7 , FP8 , FP9 , FPy-1 , FQ1 , fr , FRC1 , FRC2 , FRC3 , FRC4 , fri , fs , F-S , FSa , FS1 , FS1 , FS2 , FS2 , FS2a , FS3 , FS4 , FS4 , FS5 , FS5 , FS6 , FS7 , FS8 , FS9 , FS9 , FSD2b , FSD2d , FSD2E , FSD8 , fs1 , FS10 , fs2 , FS7 , Fsa , fv , fv2377 , fv2527 , fv83-554/3 , fv8501 , fv88-531/2 , Fyc , Fz , Fz75/13 , g , g , g , G , G , G , G , G10 , G101 , g12 , g13 , G13 , g14 , G14 , g15 , g16 , g17 , G173 , g18 , g21 , g23 , g24 , g29 , g3 , G3 , G3 , G35 , G36 , G4 , G4 , G4 , G4 , G5 , G5 , G6 , G69-1 , G72-1 , g8 , ga , GA-1 , GA-2 (defective) , gal1 , gamma , gamma , gamma 66 , gamma 66a , gb , gb2-80 , gb2t , gb4 , gb-4 , gb4-9 , gd , ge , GE1 , gf , GF-2 , gh-1 , GH8 , GI , GIII , GIII , GIII , GM , GP1 , GP1 , GP-10 , group I , Group I , group II , group II , group III , group IV , GS1 , GS4E , GS7 , Gs1 , Gs2 , GS2 , Gs3 , GS4E , GS6 , GS7 , GS-7 , GT-1 , GT-2 , GT-234 , GT-3 , GT-4 , GT-4 , GT-5 , GT-6 , GT-7 , GT8 , GV , GV-1 , GV-2 , GV-3 , GV-5 , GV-6 , GVI , GVIII , GW6210 , h , h , H , H , H , H , HF , H11/A1 , H158/A1 , H18/A1 , H22/S23 , H00/1 , h1 , H1 , H-1 , H-1 , H103-1 , H105-1 , H106-1 , H107 , H108 , H108 , H110 , H114/2 , H118/1 , H120/1 , H163/84 , H17/1 , H19 , H19-J , H1OG , H2 , H-2 , H20 , H21 , H22 , H24 , H3 , H-3 , H312 , H340 , H387 , H39 , H391/73 , H3V , H-4 , H43 , H46 , H684/74 , H7/2 , H71/1 , H71/2 , H71/5 , H75 , H8 , H8/73 , H90 , H924A , hb , HB3 , HB-3 , HB-623 , HB-746 , HDC-2 , HF , HF1 , HF2 , Hgal , Hh-1 , Hh-3 , Hi , HI , HI8A , HI8B , HII , HIII , His1 , HIV , HIX , HK022 , HK139 , HK2 , HK243 , HK253 , HK256 , HK620 , HK97 , HM2 , HM3 , HM7 , HMT , hp , HP , HP1 , HP1 , HP1 , HP1 , HP2 , HP3 , HP4 , hq1 , hq2 , HR , Hr1 , Hs1 , H-Sh , HSO47 , HSV , HT-2 , hv , hv-1 , HVI , HVII , HVIII , hw , hw1 , Hw12 , HXI , HXII , HXX , Hyf1A , Hyf22a , Hyf30 , Hyf32a , Hy-11 , Hy-12 , Hy-39 , Hy-40 , Hy-41 , Hy-42 , Hy71 , Hyfa-1 , Hyfa-13 , Hyfa-14 , Hyfa-15 , Hyfa-16 , Hyfa-17 , Hyfa-18 , Hyfa-19 , Hyfa-2 , Hyfa-20 , Hyfa-21 , Hyfa-22 , Hyfa-23 , Hyfa-24 , Hyfa-25 , Hyfa-26 , Hyfa-27 , Hyfa-28 , Hyfa-29 , Hyfa-3 , Hyfa-30 , Hyfa-31 , Hyfa-32 , Hyfa-33 , Hyfa-34 , Hyfa-35 , Hyfa-36 , Hyfa-37 , Hyfa-4 , Hyfa-48 , Hyfa-5 , Hyfa-6 , Hyfa-7 , Hyza-38 , i , i , i , I , I , I , I , Ia , I1 , I1/31 , I1/H33 , I2 , I2-2 , I10 , I119 , I129 , I16-1 , I-2 , I3 , I37-1 , I52 , I66 , I8 , I9 , Ia11 , If1 , IF2 , II , II , II , II , II-1 , II-2 , II-3 , II-5 , III , III , III , III , III-1 , IKe , Im , IPa , IP1 , IPy-1 , IRA , IS1 , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IVa , IVA , IX , IX , j , j , J , J , J , J , J1 , J1 , J-1 , J29-1 , J7W-1 , Ja1 , Ja-1 , Jb19 , JCL1032 , Jersey , jj18 , JRW3 , jw1 , jw12 , jw13 , jw14 , jw16B , jw2 , JW2040 , jw25 , jw27 , jw27A , jw31 , jw32 , jw4 , jw8 , jw9a , k , K , K , K , K , K , K , K , K , K , K , K , K1 , K2/A1 , K21/S23 , K5 , K6 , Ktox- , K1 , K10 , K104 , K109 , K139 , K166 , K170/11 , K18 , K19 , K1F , K2 , K2 , K267 , K29 , K3 , K31 , K328 , K4 , K7 , K9 , kappa , KC1 , ken1 , KF1 , KI , KII , KIX , KK-88 , Kl1 , Kl106B , Kl106B , Kl11 , Kl12 , Kl13 , Kl14 , Kl15 , Kl16 , Kl165B , Kl17 , Kl171B , Kl171B , Kl18 , Kl181B , Kl181B , Kl19 , Kl2 , Kl2B , Kl20 , Kl21 , Kl22 , Kl23 , Kl24 , Kl25 , Kl26 , Kl27 , Kl28 , Kl29 , Kl3 , Kl30 , Kl31 , Kl32 , Kl328B , Kl33 , Kl34 , Kl35 , Kl35 , Kl4 , Kl4B , Kl4B , Kl42B , Kl5 , Kl6 , Kl6B , Kl7 , Kl765/1 , Kl8 , Kl8 , Kl832B , Kl842B , Kl9 , Kl937B , Kl1 , Kl181 , Kl181B , Kl2 , Kl25 , Kl27 , Kl2B , Kl3 , Kl31 , Kl4 , Kl42 , Kl42B , Kl5 , Kl6 , Kl7 , Kl765/1 , Kl8 , Kl832B , Kl9 , Kl9 , Kl937B , KLXI , KM1 , Kotljarova , KSY1 , KSY2 , KT , Kum1 , KV , KVI , KVII , Kvp1 , KVP20 , KVP40 , KX , KXI , KXII , Kyu1 , l , L , L , L , L , L.228 , L.359 , lf1 , lf3 , lf7 , lf9 , L1232 , L2232 , L7 , Lo , Ltox+ , L1 , L1 , L1(Ia7) , L10(Bb4) , L11(Cb3) , L112 , l12 , L12(Fa6) , L13(Fb2) , L14(Ib10) , L15(Ib8) , L16(MLS4) , L17(Psu-1) , L172 , L172 , L18(1674) , L19(1890) , L2 , L2(Ia8) , L20(2119) , L3(Ea3) , L34 , L39x35 , L4(Aa1) , L412a , L419 , L422 , L422a , L425a , L426a , L431 , L432a , L434a , L439 , L441 , L449 , L5 , L5(Bb4) , L54a , L6(ML34) , L7(ML34) , L8(1890) , L9(Aa1) , La6k1 , LaboI , lacticola , lambda , LB1 , LB2 , lb4 , lb5 , lb539 , lb6 , LB7 , LC1 , LC2 , LC3 , LC4 , LC5 , Lc-58 , LC6 , Lcg , LC-Nu , LE1 , LE3 , LE4 , Legendre , Leo , LHIIBNV6-2 , LHIIBV7-2 , LIIBNV6-1 , LIIBV7-1 , Ll1 , Ll2 , Ll3 , ll-h , LL-H , LL-K , LL-Ku , LL-S , LP , LP52 , LP-52 , LP7 , LPP-1 , Lr-4 , LTH24P , LTH25P , LTH26P , LTH27P , LTH28P , LTH29P , LTH30P , LTH31P , LTH32P , LTH33P , LTH34P , Lucas 110 , Lucas 303 , Lucas 404 , lv , LV-1 , lvpf5 , m , M , M , M , M , M , M (defective) , ML , M1 , M1 , M1 , M1 , M1 , M1 , M102 , M12 , M-12 , m12r , M13 , M-13 , M20 , M3 , M35 , M4 , M42 , M51 , m59 , M6 , M6a , M85 , MAC-1 , MAC-1' , MAC-2 , MAC-3 , MAC-4 , MAC-4' , MAC-5 , MAC-6 , MAC-7 , MB78 , MC/75 , MC-1 , MC-1 , MC-2 , MC-3 , MC-3 , MC-4 , MC-4 , Mex , Mex1 , MG40 , minetti , MJ-1 , MJ-4 , MJP1 , MJP20 , MJP25 , ml1 , ml3 , ML3 , ML34 , MLMa , MLSP1 , MLSP2 , MLSP3 , MM , MM1 , MM1C , MM1H , MMP1 , MNP1 , MNP2 , MNP7 , MNP8 , MOI , mor1 , mor2 , Mp1 , MP10 , MP12 , MP13 , MP14 , MP15 , MP20 , MP21 , MP23 , MP24 , MP27 , MP28 , MP29 , MP3 , MP30 , MP32 , MP34 , MP36 , MP37 , MP39 , MP40 , MP41 , MP43 , MP44 , MP45 , MP47 , MP49 , MP50 , MP-7 , MP9 , Ms , MS2 , MSP1 , MSP10 , MSP11 , MSP12 , MSP13 , MSP14 , MSP15 , MSP16 , MSP17 , MSP18 , MSP19 , MSP2 , MSP3 , MSP4 , MSP5 , MSP7 , MSP8 , MSP9 , MT , Mtc1 , MTPH11 , mu , Mu , Mu1 , Mu-1 , MU-1 , MuI , mv1 , Mv-1g1 , Mv-1g2 , mv4 , Mv8g1 , Mv8g2 , MVBr1 , MV-G51 , MV-L1 , MV-L172 , MVL2 , MV-L2 , MVL3 , MV-L3 , MVL51 , MVL52 , MV-L59 , MV-L60 , MV-Lg-L172 , MV-Lg-pS2-L172 , MV-M1 , MV-O1 , MVP4 , MVP5 , MX-1 , Mx4 , MX4 , MX41 , MX43 , Mx8 , Mx81 , Mx9 , MyF3P/59a , N , N , N , N2 , N4 , N5 , No2 , N1 , N1 , N1 , N-1 , N-1 , N10 , N-10 , N11 , N11 , N12 , N13 , N14 , N15 , N16 , N17 , N-17 , N-18 , N19 , N2 , N2 , N2 , N2 , N20 , N-22 , N3 , N3 , N3 , N3 , N4 , N4 , N4 , N4 , N-4 , N40 , N5 , N5 , N5 , N5 , N5 , N-5 , N6 , N6P , N7 , N7 , N8 , N8 , N9 , NA1 , Na1tox+ , NA2tox- , NB1tox+ , NCDO 01244 , NCMB384 , ND-1 , ND-2 , ND-3 , ND4 , ND-5 , ND6 , ND-7 , Neo1 , Nf , NF5 , NHc , NHs , NJ-L , NLP-1 , NM1 , NM2 , NM3 , NM4 , NM5 , NM6 , NM7 , NM8 , no. 3 , no. 9 , no. A , no. E , No.1 , No.1M (defective) , no.D , NP1 , NS-8 , NSV , nt-1 , NT1 , NT2 , NT3 , NT4 , nt-6 , NTc , NTCC12669 , NTCC12670 , NTCC12671 , NTCC12672 , NTCC12673 , NTCC12674 , NTCC12675 , NTCC12676 , NTCC12677 , NTCC12678 , NTCC12679 , NTCC12680 , NTCC12681 , NTCC12682 , NTCC12683 , NTCC12684 , Nu , O , O1 , O1 , O-1 , O-1 , O111 , O1205 , O1761 , O2 , O2 , O25 , O3 , o6 , O6N-12P , O6N-21P , O6N-22P , O6N-24P , O6N-25P , O6N-34P , O6N-52P , O6N-58P , O-I , ot , ov1 , ov2 , ov3 , Ox-1 , OX1 , OX1 , Ox2 , Ox-2 , OX2 , OX2 , Ox-3 , Ox-4 , Ox-5 , OX5 , Ox-6 , OXN-100P , OXN-32P , OXN-36P , OXN-52P , OXN-69P , OXN-72P , OXN-85P , OXN-86 , P , P , P , P , P , P.C. , P28 , P22 , P-23 , P4 , P-46 , P0 , P001 , P002 , P003 , P009 , P009S , P010 , P013 , P026 , P029 , P031 , P034 , P0362 (defective) , P039 , P047 , P053 , P059 , P087 , P096 , P1 , P1 , P1 , P1 , P1 , P1 , P10 , P10 , P10 , P107 , P108 , P109 , P111 , P112ag , P113 , P113G , P114-4BN , P11-M15 , P12 , P12 , P127 , P13 , P13 , P13 , P1-3a , P14 , P14 , P142 , P147 , P159 , P167 , P177 , P179 , P18 , P188 , P191 , P19402 , P1D , P1K , p2 , P2 , P2 , P2 , P2 , P204 , P219 , P22 , P220 , P22-1 , P22-11 , P22-12 , P221BN , P22-3 , P22-4 , P22-7 , P228 , P22a1 , P23 , P232 , P239 , P25 , P27 , P272 , P2-SO-S , P3 , P3 , P3 , P3 , P315 , P32 , P323 , P330 , P335 , P35 , P37-14 , P38 , P38 , P4 , P4 , P4 (defective) , P42 , P42D , P465 , P468II , P49 , P5 , P50 , P50 , P5046 , P51 , P517 , P52 , P52 , P52A , P53 , P53 , P54 , P55 , P56 , P57 , P5771 , P58 , P58I , P58II , P59 , P6 , P6 , P6 , P6 , P63 , P64 , P65 , P67 , P67 , P68 , P69 , P71 , P71 , P73 , P75 , P76 , P77 , P78 , P8 , P8 , P8 , P8 , P82 , P83 , P87 , P88 , P9 , P9 , P9 , P9 , P9 , P90 , P9a , P9c , pA1 , P-a-1 , PA1350e , P-a-2 , PA-2 , P-a-3 , P-a-4 , pa40 , pa42 , P-a-5 , P-a-6 , PA6 , P-a-7 , P-a-8 , P-a-9 , pa97 , PAA17 , PAA23 , PAA24 , PAA84 , pAg-1 , PAU , PB , PB2A , PB1 , PB-1 , PB-1 , PB2 , PB2 , PB2A , PB6 , PB-6 , PBA12 , PBC1 , PBL0.5c , PBL1 , PBLA , PBLB (defective) , PBP1 , PBS1 , PBSH (defective) , PBSV (defective) , PBSW (defective) , PBSX (defective) , PBSY (defective) , PBSZ (defective) , PC , PC13-1 , PC35-1 , PCan , PCH-1 , PE1 , PE5 , PE69 , PEa7 , PEal(h) , Pf , Pfö , Pf1 , Pf-1 , PF1 , pf16 , Pf2 , Pf2 , Pf3 , Pf3 , Pf4 , PG , PG60 , PH , Ph-1 , Ph10 , Ph12 , Ph13 , PH132 , Ph14 , PH2 , Ph5 , PH51 , Ph6 , Ph9 , PH93 , phi (defective) , PhI-1 , PhI-5 , phlei , phlei 1 , phlei 4 , PIIBNV6 , PIIBNV6-C , pilHa , Pk , PK1 , pKA-1 , pKG-1 , pKG-2 , pKG-3 , pKG-4 , PL-1 , PL163/10 , PL-2 , PL25 , PL26 , PL37 , PL73 , PL78 , PL81 , PLgY no. 4 , PLgY no.16 , PLgY no.22 , PLgY no.7 , PLS-1 , PLT22 , PLT22 , Pm1 , PM1 , Pm10 , PM105 , Pm11 , PM113 , PM13 , PM2 , PM2 , Pm3 , PM3 , Pm4 , PM4 , Pm5 , PM5 , PM57 , Pm6 , PM6 , PM61 , PM62 , PM63 , PM681 , PM682 , PM69 , Pm7 , Pm8 , Pm9 , PMB1 , PMB12 , PMJ1 , PMN17 , PMW , PO4 , pOA-1 , POF025 , Polonus I , Polonus II , PP1 , PP1 , PP114 , PP2 , PP206 , PP207 , PP3 , PP306 , PP4 , PP4 , PP401 , PP5 , PP5 , PP56 , PP6 , PP6 , PP64 , PP65 , PP651 , PP66 , PP7 , PP7 , PP71 , PP711 , PP8 , PP8 , PP86 , PP87 , PP88 , PP891 , PP92 , PPN25 , PPN35 , PPN89 , PPN91 , PR10 , PR-1001 , PR3 , PR4 , PR5 , PR-590a , PR64FS , PR772 , PRD1 , pro , PRR1 , ps1 , PS-10 , PS17 , PS-192 , PS20 , PS3 , PS4 , PS8 , PS-8 , PSA , Psa1 , PSA68 , PsaeI , PsP1 , PsP2 , Psp231a , PsP3 , PSP3 , PsP4 , PsP5 , PsR-1012 , Pssy15 , Pssy401 , Pssy403 , Pssy404 , Pssy41 , Pssy42 , Pssy420 , Pssy4210 , Pssy4220 , Pssy9220 , Pssy923 , PST , PST , PSU1 , PT11 , PTB , PTB2 , PTB20 , PTB42 , PTB80 , PV-1 , Pv2 , PWH2 , PX1 , PX10 , PX12 , PX14 , PX2 , PX3 , PX4 , PX5 , PX7 , PYO1 , PYO10 , PYO103 , PYO12 , PYO13 , PYO14 , PYO16 , PYO18 , PYO19 , PYO2 , PYO20 , PYO200 , PYO29 , PYO32 , PYO33 , PYO34 , PYO35 , PYO36 , PYO37 , PYO38 , PYO39 , PYO41 , PYO42 , PYO45 , PYO47 , PYO48 , PYO49 , PYO5 , PYO50 , PYO51 , PYO52 , PYO53 , PYO57 , PYO59 , PYO6 , PYO64 , PYO69 , PYO70 , PYO71 , PYO9 , Pz , q , Q , Qb , Q-05 , Q-06 , Q-16 , Q-21 , Q-26 , Q-40 , Q-46 , R , R , R , R , Rf-1 , Rf6 , Rf6P , R1 , R1 , R1 , r1t , R1-T , R2 , RS29 , R1 , R1 , R17 , R-17 , R1Myb , R1-T , r1v , R2V , R4 , R4 , r6 , rabinovitschi , RB42 , RB43 , RB49 , RB69 , RC1 , RC2 , RC3 , RC5 , RG , R-I , RL1 , RL4 , Roy , rp-1 , Rp1.Rp1 , RP10 , RP2 , RP3 , RP6 , RR68 , RS1 , RS1 , RS2 , RZ1 , RZh , S , S , S , S , S , S111 , S2 , S41/A1 , S44/S23 , S9/S3 , SB-1 , sd , Sd , SD , SI , SII , SIVa , SIVAa , SIVab , SIVb , SIX , SVI , SVII , SVIII , SVIIIA , SXI , SXII , S1 , S1 , S1 , S1 , S-1 , S13 , S-13 , S171 , S1BL , S2 , S2 , S2 , S2 , S2 , S206 , s265 , S-2L , S-2L , S-2L(L) , S3 , S3 , S-3(L) , S3K , S4 , S45 , S-4L(L) , S5 , S-5(L) , S5-L , S6 , S-6(L) , S66 , S-6L , S-7(L) , S70 , S708 , S-7L , S-9 , S-a , SA02 , Sa1 , SA1 , SA2 , SA3 , SA4 , SA5 , SA6 , SA7 , Sab1 , Sab2 , Sab2 , Sab3 , Sab4 , Sab5 , Sal-1 , Sal-2 , Sal-3 , Sal-4 , Sal-5 , Sal-6 , San1 , San13 , San14 , San15 , San16 , San17 , San18 , San19 , San2 , San20 , San21 , San22 , San23 , San24 , San25 , San26 , San3 , San4 , San6 , San7 , San8 , San9 , SAP1 , SAP2 , SAP3 , Sa-S , SasL1 , SasL2 , SasL3 , SasL4 , SasL5 , SasL6 , SAt1 , SAV1 , Sb-1 , SB101 , SB24 , S-BBP1 , S-BBS1 , S-BM1 , S-BS1 , SBX-1 , sc , SC1 , sch , sd , Sd , SD , SD1 , SE3 , sf , SF , SF6 , SF2 , SF5 , Sf6 , SF6 , Sfi11 , SFi11 , sfi19 , SFi19 , Sfi21 , SFi21 , SfII , SG3201 , SG3203 , SG3204 , SG3244 , SG35 , SG36 , SG42 , SG55 , sg1 , Sh , SHI , SHII , SHIII , SHIII , SHIV , SHIX , SHV , SHVI , SHVII , SHX , SHXI , SHXI , SHXII , SH10 , SH133 , SH6 , Sha1 , SHV , SHVVIII , SHX , SI , SIFV , SII , SIIIb , Sil1 , SIO1 , SIRV , SIRV-2 , SKg66 , SKF12 , SKII , SKIII , SKIV , SKIV , SKIVa , SKIVa , SKV , SKVI , SKVIII , SKVIIIA , SKX , SKXI , sk1 , SK1 , SKI , SKIX , SKVII , SKXII , SL1 , SL1 , sl122 , sl123 , SL2 , sl23 , SL3 , SL4 , SL4 , SL5 , SL6 , SL7 , SLE111 , SLP , SLP1 , SM , SM-1 , SM2 , SM-2 , sm26 , SM4 , sm59 , SMB1 , SMB2 , SMB3 , smegmatis , SMP , SMP2 , SMP5 , SMPA , SN1 , SN45 , SNDV , SNT-1 , SNT-2 , SNT-3 , SO-3201/G , SO-3203/G , SO-3204/G , SO-3244/G , SO-35/G , SO-36/G , SO-42/G , SO-55/G , Sp , SP , SPa (defective) , SPb , SP1 , SP10 , SP-15 , SP3 , SP5 , SP50 , SP-50 , SP6 , SP6 , SP7 , SP8 , SP82 , SP9 , SPI , S-PM1 , S-PMW4 , SPO1 , SPO2 , S-PS1 , SpV4 , S-PWM , S-PWM1 , S-PWM2 , S-PWP1 , SPy-1 , SPy-2 , SPy-3 , SR , Ssg66 , SsF12 , SsI , SsII , SsIV , SsIVa , SsIX , SST , SsV , SSV1 , SSV2 , SSV3 , SsVII , SSVx , SsX , SsXI , SsXII , St/1 , ST1 , ST2 , ST4 , STG , STI , STII , STIII , STIV , STIX , STV , STVI , STVI , STVII , STVIII , STXI , STXII , St-1 , ST1 , ST-1 , st2 , stc1 , STC1 , stc2 , STC2 , STI , STl1 , Stl3 , Stl5 , STX , SU-11 , sub1 , SV , SV1/KC3·VC3 , SV2 , SV-C1 , SV-C2 , SVC3 , SV-C3 , SVC3/608 , SVC3/SMCA , SW , SW12 , SW14 , SW7 , S-WHM1 , SX , t , t , T , T , Tf3 , T-fD1B , T-fDO , T1 , T2 , T24 , T3 , T4 , T5 , T7 , T1 , T-1 , T104 , T2 , T-2 , T3 , T-3 , T35 , T35 , T3C , T4 , T-4 , T5 , T-5 , T6 , T7 , T-7 , T8345 , Ta1 , Taunton , Tb , TB , Tb1 , Tb1 , Tb10 , Tb2 , Tb26 , Tb5 , Tb51 , Tb53 , Tb55 , Tb560 , Tb595 , Tb77 , Tb97 , Tb99 , Tbilisi , TC23 , TC45 , Td15 , Td6 , Td8 , tf , tf-1 , Tf2 , Tf3 , Tf4 , Tg1 , TG1 , Tg10 , Tg11 , Tg12 , Tg13 , Tg13 , Tg14 , Tg15 , Tg18 , Tg21 , Tg4 , Tg6 , Tg7 , Tg8 , Tg9 , Thf2 , Thf3 , thu1 , thu2 , thu3 , thu4 , thu5 , Tin1 , Tin13 , Tin23 , Tin4 , Tin7 , Tin8 , TKc , TL110B7 , Tm1 , Tm1 , TM10 , Tm2 , TM20 , Tm3 , TM4 , TM9 , TMc , TN1 , Toc1 , Tog1 , tol1 , TP1 , TP-1 , TP-1 , TP-10vir , TP-11-13 , TP-13 , TP-15c , TP-16c , TP-17c , TP-19 , TP-20 , TP21 , TP-21-2 , TP3106 , TP3107 , TP33 , TP35 , TP-40-3 , TP446 , TP50 , TP51 , TP52 , TP-712 , TP-84 , TP-901-1 , TP-918 , TP-936-1 , TP-938-2 , TP-951-1 , TP-Bu2-K5 , TP-Bus3018 , TP-Bus3021 , TP-C10 , TP-J34 , TP-P2/1-3 , TPW22 , TP-Wis3-1 , TP-Wis98.1 , TSP-1 , Tsp10 , Tsp38 , Tsp8 , Tt4 , Tt6 , TTV1 , TTV2 , TTV3 , TTV4 , Tuc2009 , TuII* , TuII*-24 , TuII*46 , TuII*-6 , TuII*-60 , Twort , TX , type 1 (defective) , type A , type B , type C , type D , type E , type F , type G , type I , type Ia , type Ia , type II , type III , type IV , type IV , type IV , type V , type V , type VI , TZc , U , U15 , U153 , U2-SO-S , U3 , U4 , UB1 , ub2 , UC-1 , uc1001 , uc1002 , uc1003 , UC-18 , uc311a , uc311b , uc311c , uc311d , uc311e , uc311f , uc411a , uc411b , uc411c , uc411d , uc411e , uc411f , uc412a , uc412b , uc412c , uc412d , uc412e , uc412f , uc450a , uc450b , uc450c , uc450d , UH1 , uh3 , UH3 , uh5 , uh6 , UL1 , UL10 , UL11 , UL12 , UL13 , UL14 , UL15 , UL16 , UL17 , UL19 , UL2 , UL21 , UL22 , UL23 , UL24 , UL25 , UL26 , UL28 , UL29 , UL3 , Ul30 , UL31 , UL35 , ul36 , UL36 , ul37 , UL38 , UL4 , UL6 , UL7 , UL9 , U-mole , UNL-1 , UTAK , UZ , V , V , V , V.43 , V16 , V19 , V19 , V2 , V20(V45) , V3 , V40 , V45 , V-45 , V56 , v6 , V8 , Va , VA-1 , VA-9 , VC11 , VcA-1 , VcA-2 , VcA-3 , VD13 , Versailles , Vf12 , Vf33 , Vfi-1 , Vfi-6 , Vfv-3 , VI , VI , VI , VI , Vi1 , ViI , VII , VII , ViII , VIII , VIII , VIII , VIIIA , ViIII , ViIV , ViV , ViVI , ViVII , VL , VL-1 , VP1 , VP1 , VP10 , VP11 , VP11 , VP12 , VP13 , VP15 , VP16 , VP17 , VP18 , VP19 , VP2 , VP3 , VP4 , VP5 , VP5 , VP6 , VP7 , VP7 , VP8 , VP9 , VPIF , VSH-1 , VSK , VW3 , VWB , Vx , w , W , W , W , Wf , W1 , W111 , W2 , W2a , W2B , W2d , W2e , W523 , W1 , W11 , W2 , W31 , W4 , w401c , w401t , w401x1 , w406 , w407c , w407t , w407x1 , w411c , w411t , w501 , w502 , w503c , w503t , W7 , WA , WA/1 , WA01 , WA03 , Wb , Weybridge , WF/1 , Worksop , WPK , WS-EO20 , WS-EP13 , WS-EP19 , WS-EP26 , WS-EP28 , WS-EP32 , WS-EP57 , WS-EP94 , WS-EP96 , WSP1 , WSP3 , WSP4 , WSP5 , WSV , WT1 , WW/1 , wx23 , wx26 , wy , X , X , X , X , X , X , X2 , X2 , X-2 , X29 , X6 , XCVP1 , xf , Xf , Xf2 , XI , XO1 , XO3 , XO4 , XO5 , Xp12 , XP12 , XP-12 , XP5 , XPL , XTP1 , Y , Y10 , Y46/(CE2) , y5 , Y7 , Ya1 , Ya11 , Ya4 , Ya5 , Ya7 , Yer2AT , YerA20 , YerA3 , YerA41 , YerA41 , YerA7 , Yun1 , Z1 , Z4 , Z-1/H-16 , Z63-B2 , z8 , ZD13 , ZG/1 , ZG/2 , ZG/3A , ZIK/1 , ZJ/1 , ZJ2 , ZL/3 , ZS/3 , ZV-260 , ZV-580 , ZV-622 , a , a , a , a1 , a1 , a1 , a10 , a15 , a2 , a2 , a3 , a3a , a3b , b , b , bhv64 , btox+ , b1 , b22 , b4 , bvir , c , c1 , d , DH , dtox+ , d1 , dA , e15 , e34 , f03 , f04 , F04-CF , f05 , F05 , f06 , F06 , F06 , F07 , f1 , f1 , f1 , F1 , f1.2 , f1[40] , f10 , F10 , f100 , f1002 , F1002 , f101 , f101 , f102 , f102 , f1033 , f1034 , f105 , f105 , f1050 , f105-10 , f105-5 , f1076 , f108 , f109 , f1090 , f1092 , f1094 , f1095 , f1097 , f11 , f11 , f11 , f110 , f1100 , f111 , f112 , f112 , f113 , f-115A , f1178 , f118 , f1190 , f1199 , f1256 , F1261M , F1261V , f1280 , F12Sv , f13 , f138 , F13Sv , f14 , f149 , f15 , f-150A , f151 , f152 , F16 , f17 , F17 , F17 , f172 , f18 , f18 , F1Sv , f2 , f2 , f2 , f2 , f-2 , F2 , f20 , F2011 , f2037/1 , f2037/2 , f2037/3 , f2037/4 , f2037/5 , f2037/6 , f2037/7 , F204 , f2042 , f2048 , f218 , f219 , f2193/1 , f2193/2 , f2193/2 , f2200 , f2205 , f227 , f240 , f25 , f263 , f28 , f29 , F2Sv , f3 , F3 , f3001 , f31 , f31C , f335 , f336 , f336-11 , f368 , f392-A2 , f393 , f399 , F3Sv , f3T , F4 , f400 , f4002 , f404 , f41k , f42 , f48 , F4St , f5 , f5 , F5 , f50 , f5114 , f56 , F57 , f6 , f6 , F6 , f624 , f63 , f630 , f630 , f643 , f643 , f66t , f66t- , F6St , f7 , f7 , F7 , f7116 , F7201 , f75 , f779 , F779 , f783 , f786 , f8 , F8 , f80 , f80 , f806 , f81 , f812 , f815 , f82 , f825 , f83 , f84 , f85 , f852 , f853 , f86 , f87 , f876 , f878 , f88 , f886 , f89 , f897 , f899 , f9 , f9 , F9 , f90 , f91 , f92 , f92 , f92 , f923 , f924 , f927 , f93 , f936 , f939 , f94 , F943 , f949 , f95 , f95 , f956 , f957 , f958 , f96 , f97 , f98 , f984 , f99 , fa , fA , fA1 , fA1 , FA161 , fA2 , fA3 , fA4 , fA5 , fA6 , fA7 , fA8 , fA9 , fAa17 , fAAU2 , fAC1 , FAc-1 , fAc11 , fAc12 , fAc13 , fAc14 , fAc15 , fAC2 , fAc20 , fAC3 , fAc31 , fAc33 , fAc35 , fAc36 , fAc37 , fAc38 , fAc39 , fAc41 , fAc45 , fAc46 , fAc57 , fAc59 , fAcM2 , fAcM3 , fAcM4 , fAcM5 , fAcS1 , fAcS2 , fadh , FAE5 , fAg8010 , fb , fB , fB5-2 , fBa1 , fBA1 , fBE , fBHG1 , fBP1 , fBP2 , fbr , fBr01 , fBr02 , fBS , fC , fC11 , fC11-1 , fC13 , fC15 , fC17 , fc31 , fC31 , fC3888 , fC43 , fC5 , fC69 , fCb12r , fCb13 , fCb23r , fCb3 , fCB38 , fCb5 , fCb6 , fCb8r , fCbK , fcc2b , fcc59a , fcc59b , fcc5a , fcc62 , fCC814/1 , fCC814/2 , fCC814/3 , fCC814/4 , fCd1 , FCh1 , FCh38 , fCj1 , fCj10 , fCj11 , fCj12 , fCj13 , fCj14 , fCj15 , fCj16 , fCj2 , fCj20 , fCj23 , fCj24 , fCj25 , fCj26 , fCj27 , fCj28 , fCj29 , fCj30 , fCj31 , fCj32 , fCj33 , fCj34 , fCj35 , fCj36 , fCj5 , fCj7 , fCj8 , fCj9 , fCN11 , fCN8 , fCp14 , fCp2 , FCP-3 , fCp34 , FCP-6 , FCP6-1 , FCP6-2 , FCP6-4 , FCP6-5 , fCr1 , fCr10 , fCr11 , fCr12 , fCr13 , fCr14 , fCr15 , fCr2 , fCr20 , fCr21 , fCr22 , fCr23 , fCr24 , fCr25 , fCr26 , fCr27 , fCr28 , fCr29 , fCr30 , fCr31 , fCr32 , fCr33 , fCr34 , fCr35 , fCr36 , fCr37 , fCr38 , fCr39 , fCr4 , fCr40 , fCr41 , fCr42 , fCr43 , fCr5 , fCr6 , fCr7 , fCr8 , fCr9 , fCTX , fCVL-29 , fCW1 , fD , fD , fD-10 , FD326 , fDM1 , fe , fEC , FF1 , fF3 , FFM1 , fFR113 , fFR114 , fFR13 , fFR371 , fFR747 , fFR755R , fFRa-A , fFRa-C , fFRa-E , fFRb-B , fFRb-D , fFRb-M , fFRb-O , fFRb-P , fFRG9 , fFrv-J , fFrv-N , fFrv-S , fFrv-T , fFSV , fFSW , fg1e , fG3a1 , fGA1 , fgal1/OW , fgal1/R , fgal1261/M , fgal3/OW , fgal3/R , Fgor3V , fH , fHAU3 , fHAWI-1 , FHAWI-10 , FHAWI-2 , FHAWI-3 , FHAWI-4 , FHAWI-5 , FHAWI-6 , FHAWI-7 , FHAWI-8 , FHAWI-9 , FHC1-1 , FHC1-2 , FHC1-3 , FHC1-4 , FHC2-1 , FHC2-2 , FHC2-3 , FHC2-4 , FHC3-1 , FHC3-2 , FHC3-3 , FHD1S-1 , FHD1S-2 , FHD2S-1 , FHD2S-2 , FHD2S-3 , FHD2S-4 , FHD2S-5 , FHDO-1 , FHDO-2 , FHDO-3 , FHDO-4 , FHDO-5 , FHDO-6 , FHK97 , fI , fI , fII , fIV1 , fK12 , fK13 , fK27 , fK3 , fK7 , fK70 , FKf77 , fKISR1 , FKL-33 , FKL-34 , FKL-35 , FKL-36 , FKWH-2 , FKWH-3 , FKWH-4 , fKZ , FKZ , FL-5 , fLC3 , fLC3 , FLco23 , fLf , Flh60 , fLig , fLiv , fLL-H , fLo22a , fLo27a , fLo27b , FLP1-A , FLP1-B , FLP2 , FLP571 , FLP65 , FLP651 , FLS5B , f-LT , fm , fm , fM1 , FM11S , fM12 , fm12r , FM14S , FM20S , FM23S , FM26S , FM27S , FM5N1 , FMARQ-1 , FMARQ-2 , FMARQ-3 , f-MC , fmed-2 , FMI-5 , fMLUP5 , FmnF82 , fMO , FMOAT-1 , fmp , FMT1 , FMT2 , FMT3 , FMT4 , FMT5 , fMu1 , Fmu78 , FN , fNR2 , fNS11 , fNZ , fO1205 , FO139 , fot , FPEL13A-1 , FPEL13B-1 , FPEL13B-10 , FPEL13B-2 , FPEL13B-3 , FPEL13B-4 , FPEL13B-5 , FPEL13B-6 , FPEL13B-7 , FPEL13B-8 , FPEL13B-9 , FPEL1A-1 , FPEL1A-2 , FPEL8A-1 , FPEL8A-2 , FPEL8A-3 , FPEL8C-1 , FPEL8C-2 , fPhA1 , fPhA1 , fPLS-1 , fPLS27 , fPLS743 , fPS , fQ13 , fQ30 , fQ38 , fR , Fr1t , fR73 (defective) , fRE , fRS , fRsA , fRsD , fRsG1 , FRsG1 , fRsV , fS-1 , fS3 , fSaC1 , fSaG1 , fSaV1 , fSD , fSE6 , fSF1 , fSfi11 , fSFi11 , FSfi11 , fSfi19 , fSFi19 , fSfi21 , fSFi21 , fsg1 , Fsk1 , fSK311 , fSL , fSPK1 , FSPP1 , fST-1 , fT , FTBK5 , fTl87 , FTP901-1 , fTP-J34 , FTP-J34 , fUS3 , fUW21 , fUW51 , fv , fV-1 , fVP143 , fVP253 , fW , fW-14 , fX , fX , fX174 , fX-174 , FX174 , fXo , fXv , fy8 , fYerO3-12 , fYS40 , fc , fc1 , fc7 , fg , Fl , fm-4 , g , g , g , gtox- , g19 , g2 , g66 , g66 , g66b , h , h8 , k , l , m , m (defective) , m2 , m2 , p1 , p2600 , qc , r , rtox- , r11, , s , w , w , w , W , w1 , w10 , w2 , w3 , w4 , w5 , w6 , w8 , W8 , y , y (defective) , yM1 , z3 , 24/2514 , 00241 , 00611 , 010 , 01013 , 01014 , 011 , 01117 , 011clr , 01243 , 0237 , 0240 , 0241 , 0243 , 0244 , 0252 , 02971A , 02971C , 0303 , 032 , 034 , 035 , 03cl , 0448 , 0449 , 0465 , 0494 , 05 , 050E (defective) , 050R (defective) , 056 (defective) , 06 , 065 , 0762 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1(40) , 1,37; , 1/1 , 1/1004 , 1/1180 , 1/72 , 1/F2852-76 , 1/M6176 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10/1 , 10/1 , 10/1a , 10/502 , 10/9253 , 10041/2815 , 1007 , 10072 , 1009 , 101 , 101 , 101/8900 , 1010 , 1011 , 102 , 102 , 102 , 103 , 103/39 , 103/40 , 10-33b , 1035 , 1039 , 103a , 103b , 104 , 1045 , 1046 , 105 , 1051 , 1056 , 1057 , 106 , 106 , 106 , 1061 , 1064 , 107 , 107/69 , 1070 , 1072 , 1075 , 10-77a , 108 , 108 , 108/106 , 108A-10 , 108A-3 , 109 , 1090 , 10-94a , 1097-B12 , 1097-B14 , 109A-6 , 109A-8 , 109-B1 , 10A/31 , 10F , 10n , 10p , 10tur , 10w , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11/DE , 110 , 110A-1 , 110A-2 , 110A-4 , 110A-5 , 110A-7 , 111 , 1-11 , 111c , 112 , 112/S23 , 1123 , 1124 , 11355C , 1139 , 114 , 1143 , 1146 , 115 , 115 , 115 , 115/10 , 1154A , 11-68c , 11711A , 1174 , 1175 , 1176 , 1177 , 1178 , 119 , 119 , 119x , 11F , 12 , 12 , 12 , 12 , 12 , 12 , 12/100 , 12/12 , 12/55 , 12029 , 1204 , 121 , 121 , 121/41 , 121/42 , 12100 , 12-13a , 12-13b , 1214 , 1214 , 123/43 , 123/44 , 124/44 , 12-41b , 1250 , 1259 , 1277 , 128 , 1280 , 1281 , 1283 , 129/16 , 129-26 , 12981 , 1299 , 12b , 12B , 12m , 12S , 13 , 13 , 13 , 13 , 13 , 13 , 13/3a , 13/441 , 13/807 , 13/9253 , 130 , 130 , 1302 , 1304clr , 130A , 131 , 1310 , 1314 , 1317 , 133 , 1337 , 134 , 13441 , 1348 , 134-T , 1358 , 1363/14 , 1364 , 1367 , 1370 , 1374 , 1378 , 138 , 138 , 1380 , 138D , 13vir , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14(6,7) , 1404 , 1405 , 1405 , 141 , 1412 , 142 , 1422 , 143 , 1430 , 143tur , 1444 , 145 , 1458 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 (defective) , 15/3148 , 150 , 1527 , 155 , 1563 , 157 , 157A , 16 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 16/789 , 160 , 160 , 16-12-1 , 16-19 , 16-22-2 , 1623 , 16-2-4 , 16-3 , 16-3-2 , 16-35-5 , 165 , 1652 , 16-6-12 , 16-6-14 , 16-7-1 , 168 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 17/971 , 170 , 1701 , 1710 , 174 , 174 , 179tur , 17SR , 18 , 18 , 18 , 1806 , 1807 , 182 , 182a , 182tur , 184 , 186 , 18-6 , 187 , 187 , 188 , 188 , 1881-SO-R , 189 , 19 , 19 , 19 , 19 , 1-9 , 191 , 1920 , 1921/11367 , 1921/11500 , 1921/11566 , 1921/12460 , 1921/12582 , 1921/959 , 1931 , 1932 , 196 , 1967 , 1-97 , 1-97A , 1-97B , 198 , 19A/653 , 19S , 1A , 1A , 1A , 1B , 1B , 1C , 1Ctox+ , 1D , 1Dtox+ , 1F , 1H , 1P+f , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2.5 , 2/1180 , 2/44 , 2/79 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20 , 20.2 , 20/826 , 200 , 200 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 206 , 208 (defective) , 20A , 20E , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21 , 21/9253 , 21096C , 212 , 212/XV , 214/S23 , 2148 , 218 , 21EL , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 22/608 , 222 , 222a , 223 , 223-B2 , 223-B3 , 224D1 , 224D2 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 227 , 227 , 228 , 229F , 23 , 23 , 23 , 23/532 , 231 , 233/A1 , 234/S23 , 235 , 235 , 235/S23 , 236 , 2389 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24 , 24/860 , 24/II , 242 , 2425 , 246 , 2460 , 249 , 249E (defective) , 249R (defective) , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25 , 25/909 , 258 , 25F , 26 , 26 , 26/219 , 2600/D52 , 26-2 , 2638A , 2638B , 2638C , 264 , 265 , 267 , 2671 , 2685 , 269 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27 , 27/953 , 2731 , 2747 , 275 , 275A , 275B , 2792A , 2792B , 28 , 28 , 28 , 280A , 280B , 28-1 , 2818 , 28-2 , 2835 , 284 , 2845 , 2847/10 , 2847/10a , 2847/10b , 2848A , 286 , 289 , 2893 , 28A , 28B , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 , 29 d'Hérelle , 290F , 293 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 299 , 2a , 2a , 2b , 2BII , 2BV , 2C , 2Ctox- , 2D , 2Dtox+ , 2F , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3/10 , 3/DO , 3/M64-76 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30/680 , 300 , 3000 , 308 , 309 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 31 , 3111-D , 315 , 317 , 318 , 31B , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32/6 , 3210-SO-S , 3215-D , 3274 , 328-B1 , 32A/909 , 32f , 33 , 33/971 , 333 , 335 , 337 , 337/ST17 , 34 , 34/13 , 341 , 342 , 345G , 345P , 34B , 34CC , 34CT , 34D , 34H , 34P , 35 , 35/35 , 350 , 351 , 352 , 353B , 3550 , 35-50-R , 3551 , 3552 , 356 , 356 , 357-1 , 36 , 36 , 36 , 3619 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 37 , 371 , 371/XXIX , 379/319 , 3-793 , 38 , 38 , 380 , 3859-SO-S , 38B , 38T , 39 , 39 , 3a , 3A , 3A , 3aI , 3b , 3B , 3C , 3C , 3Ctox+ , 3M , 3ML , 3NT , 3-SO-R , 3T , 3T+ , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 (B. megaterium) , 4 (B. sphaericus) , 4/10 , 4/237 , 4/545 , 4/C1324-76 , 40 , 40 , 40 , 40.3 , 400-1 , 4020-SO-S , 4029 , 40RR2.8t , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41C , 42 , 42 , 4211 , 4276 , 4277 , 4286 , 4292 , 42B , 42C , 42D , 42E , 43 , 43-10T , 432 (defective) , 436 (defective) , 44 , 44 , 4477 , 4498 , 449C/C178 , 44A , 44AHJD , 44R , 44RR2.8t , 45 , 45 , 45/III , 456 , 459 , 47 , 47 , 471 , 471A , 47A , 47C , 48 , 483 , 489 , 49 , 490 , 493 , 493 , 4996 , 4A , 4C , 4Ctox+ , 4N°8 , 4N°9 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5/11302 , 5/11605 , 5/11704 , 5/1180 , 5/406 , 5/476 , 5/742 , 5/911 , 5/939 , 5/G394-76 , 5f , 50 , 50 , 50/33 , 50/34 , 5006M , 501B , 506 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 51 , 512 , 513 , 514 , 5194 , 52 , 525 , 52A , 52B , 53 , 53 , 53 , 531 , 5337 , 5348/11363 , 5348/11646 , 5348/12430 , 5348/12434 , 535/222a , 54 , 54 , 54x1 , 55 , 55 , 55 , 55/14 , 55/15 , 55R.1 , 56 , 56 , 56 , 56 , 56D , 56P , 56RR2 , 57 , 57 , 57 , 575 , 58 , 58 , 581 , 5841 , 5845 , 5848 , 59 , 59 , 59 , 59.1 , 594n , 5a , 5A , 5ad/9717 , 5b , 5E , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6,14(18) , 6/1004 , 6/6660 , 6/C753-76 , 60 , 601 , 60P , 61 , 61/6 , 62 , 6214 , 63 , 63 , 63 , 632 , 633 , 63f , 63-F , 64 , 6-42c , 643 , 65 , 65 , 66 , 6-62c , 667/617 , 669 , 66F , 67 , 67.1 , 67.3 , 670 , 676 , 67b , 68 , 68 , 68.1 , 6-8a , 69 , 690 , 699/694 , 6C , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7/184 , 7/4465 , 7/549 , 7/F783-76 , 7/R49 , 70 , 70/35 , 70/36 , 70-1 , 70-2 , 70-3 , 70-4 , 705 , 70-5 , 7050 , 70-6 , 70-7 , 70A-10 , 70A-2 , 70A-3 , 70A-4 , 70A-8 , 71 , 71 , 71/45 , 71/46 , 71/ST15 , 7-11 , 71A , 71A-6 , 72 , 7227 , 72A-1 , 72A-10 , 72A-4 , 72A-5 , 72A-8 , 73 , 73 , 73 , 73 , 74/6 , 744 , 7476/322 , 7478/325 , 7479 , 7480 , 7480b , 74F , 75 , 75 , 75 , 754 , 76 , 76 , 76/4 , 764a , 77 , 7-7-1 , 776 , 7-7-7 , 779 , 78 , 78 , 7-8 , 785 , 79 , 79/37 , 79/38 , 799 , 7A , 7m , 7s , 7v , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8/280 , 8/4465 , 8/C239-76 , 8f , 80 , 80 , 80/15 , 80/47 , 80/48 , 80/J4 , 80/J9 , 80/ST16 , 80a , 81 , 819 , 82 , 82 , 8238 , 82A , 832-B1 , 8345-SO-S-R , 834-B3 , 835-B11 , 8368-SO-R , 837/IV , 838 , 83A , 84 , 84 , 842 , 843/60 , 844 , 845 , 847 , 85 , 852 , 853 , 855 , 856 , 859 , 86 , 864/100 , 867 , 873 , 874 , 876 , 8764 , 877 , 878 , 879 , 88 , 88 , 880 , 881 , 881 , 884 , 886 , 889 , 8893 , 88A , 89 , 890 , 891 , 892 , 893 , 895 , 895 , 896 , 896 , 897 , 898 , 898 , 899 , 8A , 8ad/10269 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9/0 , 9/95 , 9/F18167 , 9f , 90 , 900 , 900 , 9000/9402 , 902 , 903 , 903 , 904 , 905 , 90666 , 907 , 907515 , 908 , 90816 , 909 , 910716 , 911 , 912 , 914 , 915 , 916 , 917 , 917 , 92 , 920 , 921 , 9211/9295 , 9213/9211a , 9213/9211b , 923 , 924 , 9248 , 925 , 9266 , 9266Q , 928 , 929 , 93 , 93253 , 933 , 933H , 933W , 934 , 935 , 936 , 937 , 938 , 939 , 94 , 940 , 9-41A , 942 , 943 , 944 , 946 , 946B , 947 , 948 , 949 , 95 , 95 , 950 , 951 , 952 , 953 , 954 , 955 , 956 , 958 , 959 , 96 , 961 , 963 , 964 , 964A , 964B , 965 , 966 , 966A/C259 , 967 , 967 , 968 , 969 , 970 , 971 , 972 , 976 , 977 , 979 , 981 , 982 , 984 , 985 , 986 , 990 , 991 , 992 , 993 , 994 , 994 , 995 , 995 , 996 , 998 , 999 , 9B/2 , 9F .

Submissions Archive

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Letters & Questions

Letters should consist of comments, short statements, or personal editorials. Send all letters to abedon.1@osu.edu or to "Letters", Bacteriophage Ecology Group News, care of Stephen T. Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906. Please send all letters in English and all mailed or attached letters as Microsoft Word documents, if possible (I'll let you know if I have trouble converting any other document formats). In addition, to standard letters, BEG receives questions on a regular basis that may be addressed by BEG members. These questions are listed below. Anybody interested in answering these questions through BEG News, e-mail me at the following address: abedon.1@osu.edu. Alternatively, answer by clicking the authors name. Please note that these questions have not been edited for grammar, spelling, or clarity.
No entry.

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Phage Images

Please send any phage images that you would like to present in this section to "Phage Images," The Bacteriophage Ecology Group, care of Stephen T. Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906. Alternatively, you may scan the images yourself and send them as an attachment to abedon.1@osu.edu. Please save all scans in gif or jpg formats and preferably with an image size (in terms of width, height, and kbytes) that will readily fit on a standard web page. No copyrighted material without permission, please!

Electron micrograph of phage P22

Phage Image Archive

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New Publications

New bacteriophage publications are listed below. Each quarter not-yet-listed publications from the previous two years will be presented along with their abstracts. The indicator "???" denotes, of course, that specific information is not yet in the BEG Bibliography. Please help in the compilation of the BEG Bibliography by supplying any updated information, correcting any mistakes, and, of course, sending the references to your bacteriophage ecology publications, as well as the references to any bacteriophage ecology publications that you know of but which are not yet in the bibliography (send to abedon.1@osu.edu or to "BEG Bibliography," Bacteriophage Ecology Group News, care of Stephen T. Abedon, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44906). Also, be sure to indicate any listed publications that you feel should not be presented in the BEG Bibliography. This list is also present with available abstracts at the end of BEG News.

  1. Bacteriological and virological quality of seawater bathing areas along the Tyrrhenian coast. Aulicino, F. A., Orsini, P., Carere, M., Mastrantonio, A. (2001). International Journal of Environmental Health Research 11:5-11. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  2. The genome of the archael virus SIRV1 has features in common with genomes of eukaryal viruses. Blum, H., Zillig, W., Mallock, S., Domdey, H., Prangishvili, D. (2001). Virology 281:6-9. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  3. Phylogeny, genome evolution, and host specificity of single-stranded RNA bacteriophage (family Leviviridae). Bollback, J. P., Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2001). Journal of Molecular Evolution 52:117-128. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  4. Phage-related DNA polymorphism in dairy and probiotic Lactobacillus. Brandt, K., Tilsala-Timisjarvi, A., Alatossava, T. (2001). Micron 32:59-65. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  5. Analysis of the complete DNA sequence of the temperate bacteriophage TP901-1: Evolution, structure, and genome organization of lactococcal bacteriophages. Brondsted, L., Ostergaard, S., Pedersen, M., Hammer, K., Vogensen, F. K. (2001). Virology 283:93-109. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  6. Induction of lysogenic bacteriophage and phage-associated toxin from group A streptococci during coculture with human pharyngeal cells. Broudy, T. B., Pancholi, V, Fischetti, V. A. (2001). Infection and Immunity 69:1440-1443.

  7. Analysis of six prophages in Lactococcus lactis IL1403: Different genetic structure of temperate and virulent phage populations. Chopin, A., Bolotin, A., Sorokin, A., Ehrlich, S. D., Chopin, M. C. (2001). Nucleic Acids Research 29:644-651. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  8. H-mutant bacteriophages as a potential biocontrol of bacterial blight of geranium. Flaherty, J. E., Harbaugh, B. K., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Jackson, L. E. (2001). Hortscience 36:98-100.

  9. Bacteriophage lambda: Alive and well and still doing its thing. Friedman, D. I., Court, D. L. (2001). Current Opinion in Microbiology 4:201-207. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  10. Bacteriophage therapy for bacterial infections: Rekindling a memory from the pre-antibiotics era. Ho, K. (2001). Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44:1-16. [no abstract]

  11. Practical evaluation of molecular subtyping and phage typing in outbreaks of infection due to Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. Jeoffreys, N. J., James, G. S., Chiew, R., Gilbert, G. L. (2001). Pathology 33:66-72. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  12. Mechanism of the photocatalytic inactivation of Lactobacillus casei phage PL-1 by titania thin film. Kashige, N., Kakita, Y., Nakashima, Y., Miake, F., Watanabe, K. (2001). Current Microbiology 42:184-189. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  13. Cloning of genomic DNA of Lactococcus lactis that restores phage sensitivity to an unusual bacteriophage sk1-resistant mutant. Kraus, J., Geller, B. L. (2001). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:791-798. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  14. A novel virus (HaNIV) causes lysis of the toxic bloom-forming alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae). Lawrence, J. E., Chan, A. M., Suttle, C. A. (2001). Journal of Phycology 37:216-222. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  15. Efficacy of bacteriophage use in complex treatment of the patients with burn wounds. Lazareva, E. B., Smirnov, S. V., Khvatov, V. B., Spiridonova, T. G., Bitkova, E. E., Darbeeva, O. S., Mayskaya, L. M., Parphenyuk, R. L., Menshikov, D. D. (2001). Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya 46:10-14. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  16. Mechanism of host cell death induced by infection of Escherichia coli with the c2 clear-plaque mutant of phage f1. Lin, S. H., Chen, W. P., Kuo, T. T. (2001). Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica (Taipei) 42:45-52. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  17. Analysis of the genetic switch and replication region of a P335-type bacteriophage with an obligate lytic lifestyle on Lactococcus lactis. Madsen, S. M., Mills, D., Djordjevic, G., Israelsen, H., Klaenhammer, T. R. (2001). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:1128-1139. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  18. Mu-like prophage in serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis coding for surface-exposed antigens. Masignani, V, Giuliani, Marzia Monica, Tettelin, Herve, Comanducci, Maurizio, Rappuoli, Rino, Scarlato, V (2001). Infection and Immunity 69:2580-2588.

  19. Improvement and optimization of two engineered phage resistance mechanisms in Lactococcus lactis. McGrath, S., Fitzgerald, G. F., van Sinderen, D. (2001). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:608-616. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  20. Prevention and elimination of upper respiratory colonization of mice by group A streptococci by using a bacteriophage lytic enzyme. Nelson, D., Loomis, L., Fischetti, V. A. (2001). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:4107-4112. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  21. Three-component-mediated serotype conversion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by bacteriophage D3. Newton, G. J., Daniels, C., Burrows, L. L., Kropinski, A. M., Clarke, A. J., Lam, J. S. (2001). Molecular Microbiology 39:1237-1247. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  22. Complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage fYeO3-12 of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3. Pajunen, M. I., Kiljunen, S. J., Soderholm, M. E. L., Skurnik, M. (2001). Journal of Bacteriology 183:1928-1937. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  23. Viruses of the extremely therophilic archaeon Sulfolobus. Prangishvili, D., Stedman, K., Zillig, W. (2001). Trends Microbiol. 9:39-42. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  24. Seasonal variations in the microbial population density present in biological sludge. Saleem, M., Al-Malack, M. H., Bukhari, A. A. (2001). Environmental Technology 22:255-259. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  25. Bacteriophage K1-5 encodes two different tail fiber proteins, allowing it to infect and replicate on both K1 and K5 strains of Escherichia coli. Scholl, D., Rogers, S., Adhya, S., Merril, C. R. (2001). Journal of Virology 75:2509-2515. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  26. Reaction kinetics of protease with substrate phage: Kinetic model developed using stromelysin. Sharkov, N. A., Davis, R. M., Reidhaar-Olson, J. F., Navre, M., Cai, D. (2001). Journal of Biological Chemistry 276:10788-10793. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  27. The place of viruses in the "tree of life". Sinkovics, J. G. (2001). Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 48:115-127. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  28. Bacteriophage therapy. Sulakvelidze, A., Alavidze, Z., Morris, J. G. (2001). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45:649-659. [no abstract]

  29. Fate of indicator microorganisms, Giardia and Cryptosporidium in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Thurston, J. A., Gerba, C. P., Foster, K. E., Karpiscak, M. M. (2001). Water Research 35:1547-1551. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  30. Complete nucleotide sequence of the mycoplasma virus P1 genome. Tu, A. H., Voelker, L. L., Shen, X, Dybvig, K. (2001). Plasmid 45:122-126. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  31. The clc element of Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 and other mobile degradative elements employing phage-like integrases. van der Meer, J. R., Ravatn, R., Sentchilo, V (2001). Archives of Microbiology 175:79-85. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  32. Characterization of a lytic Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriophage and molecular cloning of a lysin gene in Escherichia coli. Yoon, S. S., Kim, J. W., Breidt, F., Fleming, H. P. (2001). International Journal of Food Microbiology 65:63-74. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  33. Application of wild starter cultures for flavour development in pilot plant cheese making. Ayad, E. H. E., Verheul, A., Wouters, Jan T. M., Smit, G. (2000). International Dairy Journal 10:169-179. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  34. Light scattering by viral suspensions. Balch, W. M., Vaughn, J., Novotny, J., Drapeau, D. T., Vaillancourt, R., Lapierre, J., Ashe, A. (2000). Limnology and Oceanography. 45:492-498. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  35. Low-frequency transduction of imipenem resistance and high-frequency transduction of ceftazidime and aztreonam resistance by the bacteriophage AP-151 isolated from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain. Blahova, J., Kralikova, K., Krcmery, V., Sr., Jezek, P. (2000). JOURNAL OF CHEMOTHERAPY 12:482-486. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  36. Mathematical analysis of growth and interaction dynamics of streptomycetes and a bacteriophage in soil. Burroughs, N. J., Marsh, P., Wellington, E. M. H. (2000). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66:3868-3877. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  37. Transport and retention of bacteriophages in two types of willow-cropped lysimeters. Carlander, A., Aronsson, P., Allestam, G., Stenstrom, T. A., Perttu, K. (2000). Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Toxic-Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering A35:1477-1492. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  38. Genome organization and the evolution of the virulence gene locus in Listeria species. Chakraborty, T., Hain, T., Domann, E. (2000). IJMM International Journal of Medical Microbiology 290:167-174. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  39. Emmental cheese: A complex microbial ecosystem. Consequences on selection and use of starters. Chamba, J. F. (2000). Sciences des Aliments 20:37-54. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  40. Evolution of virulence in parasites: making hard and soft choices. Chao, L, Hanley, K. A., Burch, C. L., Dahlberg, C., Turner, P. E. (2000). Quarterly Review of Biology 75:261-275. [no abstract]

  41. Forces dictating colloidal interactions between viruses and soil. Chattopadhyay, D., Puls, R. W. (2000). Chemosphere 41:1279-1286. [no abstract]

  42. Comparative genomics of the late gene cluster from Lactobacillus phages. Desiere, F., Pridmore, R. D., Brossow, H. (2000). Virology 275:294-305. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  43. Elimination of enteroviruses, other enteric viruses, F-specific coliphages, somatic coliphages and E. coli in four sewage treatment plants of southern Germany. Fleischer, J., Schlafmann, K., Otchwemah, R., Botzenhart, K. (2000). Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology - AQUA 49:127-138. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  44. Occurrence and distribution of microbiological indicators in groundwater and stream water. Francy, D. S., Helsel, D. R., Nally, R. A. (2000). Water Environment Research 72:152-161. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  45. Effect of host bacteria genotype on spontaneous reversions of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PHI29 sus17 nonsense codon. Fucik, V, Beran, Jaroslav, Krasny, Libor, Jonak, Jiri (2000). FEMS Microbiology Letters 183:143-146. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  46. Sensitivity of microorganisms to different wavelengths of UV light: Implications on modeling of medium pressure UV systems. Giese, N., Darby, J. (2000). Water Research 34:4007-4013. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  47. Phage-displayed peptides as biosensor reagents. Goldman, E. R., Pazirandeh, M. P., Mauro, J. M., King, K. D., Frey, J. C., Anderson, G. P. (2000). Journal of Molecular Recognition 13:382-387. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  48. Bacterial indicator occurrence and the use of an F+ specific RNA coliphage assay to identify fecal sources in Homosassa Springs, Florida. Griffin, D. W., Stokes, R., Rose, J. B., Paul, J. H., III (2000). Microbial Ecology 39:56-64. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  49. Characterization of PHI8, a bacteriophage containing three double-stranded RNA genomic segments and distantly related to PHI6. Hoogstraten, D., Qiao, X, Sun, Y., Hu, A., Onodera, S., Mindich, L. (2000). Virology 272:218-224. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  50. Protocol for the manufacture of miniature washed-curd cheeses under controlled microbiological conditions. Hynes, E., Ogier, J. C., Delacroix-Buchet, A. (2000). International Dairy Journal 10:733-737. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  51. Virus removal and transport in saturated and unsaturated sand columns. Jin, Y., Chu, Y., Li, Y. (2000). Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 43:111-128. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  52. Photocatalytic inactivation of Lactobacillus PL-1 phages by a thin film of titania. Kakita, Y., Obuchi, E., Nakano, K., Murata, K., Kuroiwa, A., Miake, F., Watanabe, K. (2000). Biocontrol Science 5:73-79. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  53. Sequence of the genome of the temperate, serotype-converting, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage D3. Kropinski, A. M. (2000). Journal of Bacteriology 182:6066-6074. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  54. Vibrio cholerae O139 bacteriophages. Kudryakova, T. A., Makedonova, L. D., Kachkia, G. V., Sayamov, S. R. (2000). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 28-30. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  55. Biological significance of lysogenic conversion. Masuda, S. (2000). Jikeikai Medical Journal 47:129-130. [no abstract]

  56. Characterization of a novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage, KVP241, and its relatives frequently isolated from seawater. Matsuzaki, S., Inoue, T., Tanaka, S., Koga, T., Kuroda, M., Kimura, S., Imai, S. (2000). Microbiology and Immunology 44:953-956. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  57. Evolution of microbial pathogens. Morschhaeuser, J., Koehler, G., Ziebuhr, W., Blum-Oehler, G., Dobrindt, U., Hacker, J. (2000). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 355:695-704. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  58. Molecular characterization and allelic distribution of the phage-mediated hyaluronidase genes hylP and hylP2 among Group A streptococci from western Norway. Mylvaganam, H., Bjorvatn, B., Hofstad, T., Osland, A. (2000). Microbial Pathogenesis 29:145-153. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  59. Microbiological survey of shellfish. Nanni, H., Bronzetti, L., Fabio, G., Pupillo, M., Quaglio, P. (2000). Igiene Moderna 114:113-127. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  60. Rapid movement of wastewater from on-site disposal systems into surface waters in the Lower Florida Keys. Paul, J. H., McLaughlin, M. R., Griffin, D. W., Lipp, E. K., Stokes, R., Rose, J. B. (2000). Estuaries 23:662-668. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  61. Bacterial plasmids: Parasitic organisms? Permaul, K., Pillay, B., Pillay, D. (2000). South African Journal of Science 96:555-556. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  62. Efficacy of four conjugal lactococcal phage resistance plasmids against phage in commercial Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris cheese starter strains. Pillidge, C. J., Collins, L. J., Ward, L. J. H., Cantillon, B. M., Shaw, B. D., Timmins, M. J., Heap, H. A., Polzin, K. M. (2000). International Dairy Journal 10:617-625. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  63. Comparative study of temperate bacteriophages isolated from Yersinia. Popp, A., Hertwig, S., Lurz, R., Appel, B. (2000). Systematic and Applied Microbiology 23:469-478. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  64. Occurrence of coliphages in fish and aquaculture farms. Rao, B. M., Surendran, P. K. (2000). Fishery Technology 37:146-149. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  65. Food and water contamination by human pathogenic viruses. Scipioni, A., Daube, G., Thiry, E. (2000). Annales de Medecine Veterinaire 144:207-221. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  66. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis resolves virus sequences amplified with degenerate primers. Short, S. M., Suttle, C. A. (2000). BioTechniques 28:20. [no abstract]

  67. The ecology, evolutionary and geochemical consequences of viral infection of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. Suttle, C. A. (2000). pp. 248-286 in Hurst, C. J. (ed.) Viral Ecology. Academic Press, New York. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  68. Cyanophages and their role in the ecology of cyanobacteria. Suttle, C. A. (2000). pp. 563-589 in Whitton, B. A., Potts, M. (eds.) The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. [PRESS FOR ABSTRACT]

  69. Use of the bacteriophage F44 for the search of the Erwinia horticola external suppressors. Tovkach, F. I., Gorb, T. E. (2000).